First, the preparation of culture soil Planting orchids requires special culture soil, also known as &”;orchid mud&”;. The culture soil of orchids should be loose, breathable, well vented, with appropriate amount of fertilizer and no hidden pests and diseases. The components of culture soil are made of one or several basic components (substrates). These basic ingredients are soil, fertilizer and other materials, and there are many kinds. Some components seem to have nothing to do with &”;soil&”;, but they are all substrates on which orchids rely for stabilizing plants and growing and developing. (1) Formula of culture soil. Orchid mud from Shaoxing, Yuyao and other places is generally used in planting orchids in East China. In recent years, Emei &”;Hewang&”; brand fairy soil is also popular, but these cultivated soils are limited in quantity and expensive, and can only be used for changing pots. Planting a large area requires hundreds of tons and thousands of tons of culture soil, and only local materials can be used. After years of practice and repeated screening, we determined the best formula as follows: four parts of yellow sand, four parts of sawdust and two parts of river sand; If it is yellow loam, there is one part of river sand, one part of sawdust and one part of yellow loam. All of them are fully mixed. The pH value of the prepared culture soil should be between 6.5 and 6.8, which is loose and breathable, with good water retention and permeability, and comprehensive nutrition. River sand and sawdust are used to conduct water and breathe. Sawdust is decomposed by bacteria and can slowly release nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Yellow loam also contains a variety of trace elements. After years of observation, this formula is very suitable for orchid flower growth. It is especially suitable for domestication and cultivation of wild orchids, suitable for cymbidium cymbidium and cymbidium cymbidium, and also ideal for cymbidium cymbidium and cymbidium cymbidium, and the flowering rate and stress resistance are significantly increased. (2) Bamboo root mud. Refers to the soil at the roots of bamboo bushes planted for many years. This kind of soil is loose in structure, well-drained, but not too fertile, which is suitable for orchid growth due to the emergence of bamboo whips and roots and the decay of bamboo leaves and bamboo stalks. The quality of bamboo root mud depends on three factors: first, the original soil quality, which is the predecessor and foundation of bamboo root mud, and sandy loam is the best; Secondly, the age of bamboo bush planting, the longer it lasts, the more fully the role of bamboo root, bamboo leaf and bamboo whip; Thirdly, the distance from the bamboo stump, the closer the soil is to the bamboo stump, the better. (3) Tiaofu soil. Millet chaff is made by harvesting, drying and crushing plants of green manure (Chinese milk vetch). Mix, accumulate and decompose the glutinous rice bran with bamboo root mud or general sandy loam to obtain glutinous rice bran soil. Its preparation method is as follows: choose a shelter from rain, remove a layer of chaff from one layer of soil, and pour pig manure water once, so as to pile up layer by layer; After stacking, sprinkle water on the surface and wet it, and then apply it with mud to seal it. It can be used after stacking and fermentation for half a year. When in use, other culture soil is mixed in proportion. (4) humus soil. Water or fertilize with withered leaves or grass and tall stalks, seal with mud, decompose and screen. It is best to use grass without seeds and fully decompose to kill pests and weeds, otherwise there will be many weeds in the orchid basin in the future. (5) mountain mud. That is, the mountain forest soil where wild orchids are originally grown. It is a mixture of litter and soil for many years. Naturally formed humus soil, rich in humus, is loose and breathable, which is very suitable for orchid growth. Under the condition of convenient transportation, it is relatively simple and economical to dig up a large amount of mountain mud to plant orchids.Economical, it is better to domesticate raw grass. Humus soil under broad-leaved forest, especially humus soil under chestnut tree, is an ideal soil for orchids. (6) pond mud. Combined with winter repair ponds and fish ponds, mud is dug out, dried and then broken into fine particles, which can be used to cultivate all flowers, including orchids. (7) field soil. That is to say, the loose topsoil in the field is selected, mixed with a little sandy soil or a little chaff ash, and then some organic fertilizers such as decomposed compost or fermented bean cakes and rapeseed cakes are added to improve the soil structure and strengthen the fertilizer efficiency. After turning the pile for many times and mixing well, it is sieved. This kind of soil is nearly neutral and not as good as humus soil. Therefore, only when there is no suitable humus soil or forest sandy loam, it is reluctantly used, and most of it is used for cultivating rough orchids. (8) Cow dung soil. The fermented dry cow dung is crushed and grinded, mixed with sandy soil or topsoil of field soil, and prepared in a ratio of 1: 3. It is best to choose cow dung that is fed with dry feed in winter, because the dry forage is fine-grained, but it is still elastic, plant fiber and contains certain nutrients. This kind of cow dung soil is soft and rich, which is very suitable for the aerobic of langen. This kind of cow dung soil is often used as a filling material for cultivating local orchids in Yilan community, and the effect is very good. In foreign countries, 5 parts of humus soil or humus soil and 1 part of Gaza are generally used to cultivate local orchids; Or use 3 parts of peat soil and 1 part of river sand, mixed with crushed cow dung, and fully mixed before use. The cultivation substrate of epiphytic orchids is mainly moss and fern, with a small amount of leaves, small pieces of charcoal and broken cow dung added. Before planting orchids with soil, expose the soil to sunlight for disinfection and sterilization. In summer. Spread out the soil and expose it to the sun for more than 3 days, which can kill germs and insects. The pH value of culture soil should be measured and adjusted before use. Lime can be used to adjust the soil that is too acidic. For overbased soil, calcium superphosphate and ferrous sulfate are used to mix into the soil. In a word, it is appropriate to control the soil pH value at a neutral and slightly acidic point (that is, pH 5.5-7). It is a better way to use organic fertilizer, such as grass and leaves, to make fertilizer and add it to soil to change soil pH. In addition, before planting orchids, the nutrient soil should be screened and graded to separate large grains from small grains. When planting orchids, put large grains on the bottom of the basin to facilitate drainage. At the same time, the degree of soil wetting and drying should also be adjusted, and it should not be too wet or too dry. It is best to pinch the soil mass in your hand hard, so that the soil can form a mass; Loosen your hand and shake it off, and the soil will become granular again, so the dry humidity is suitable.
2. Preparation of Orchid Cultivation Sites 1. The original environment for productive planting of orchids is that it grows between valleys and mountains, and the terrain is Gao Shuang, which is shaded by trees, forming a humid microclimate. Small temperature difference, clean air. When introduced and domesticated, the wild environment should be simulated first, so that the flowers can flourish. At present, with the development of industry and the modernization of cities, the greening work can&;t keep up with it, and it is polluted by factories and means of transportation. Therefore, orchids cultivated in cities are not as strong as those cultivated in suburbs. For this reason, the orchid garden we built is located in the southern suburb of Hefei, the capital of Anhui Province, on the south side of the Jianghuai watershed. The annual average temperature is 16℃, the annual rainfall is 1008 mm, the frost-free period is 250 days, and it is close to wild orchids.There is a gap between the original cattle environment and the original meteorological factors of Hanlan and Jianlan, so the domestication and orchid planting site has been carefully designed and practical arrangements have been made for the adjustment of environmental factors. Orchard covers an area of about 15,000 square meters and is rectangular. There is a rectangular pond in the garden to store rainwater. A 2.5-meter-high bamboo is fixed every 2.5 meters in the garden, and the bamboo is tied horizontally above it to form a frame for paving the first layer of shading net, and a horizontal fine bamboo is placed 20 cm below the first layer of shading net to pave the second layer of movable shading net. The first layer of shading net is basically fixed from spring to autumn, and the second layer can be closed or released as needed. Adjust the light and temperature with your heart. The width of the seedbed is 1.2m, the length is 12-16m (depending on the terrain) and the height is about 30-40cm (5-7 bricks high). The spacing between the seedbeds is 50cm, and the channel width is 130cm. Convenient for daily management. In winter, every two beds are tied with a plastic shed to keep warm. In snowy days, pay attention to clear the snow and avoid the plastic shed from being crushed by snow. About one acre (one acre ≈667 square meters), two water tanks with a storage capacity of 1 cubic meter are built to treat tap water. In winter, 100-150-watt bulbs are set in the plastic shed about 4 meters apart, which is mainly used for warming. 2. Open cultivation (1) Planting Joram in the shade. This is for the purpose of viewing, and it should be planted on the ground in front of houses, wall corners or tourist areas with sparse shade, but the original barren clay must be dug out and replaced with loose humus soil or good topsoil in the field. In the winter season, cover some straw on the mud surface of the roots to avoid frostbite. If there is severe cold, it is necessary to lay grass curtains or other soft coverings on the leaves to prevent freezing injury. In addition to strengthening management and protection in the summer heat, this kind of orchid planted in the ground can generally be extensive and allowed to grow naturally. Orchids planted in the open field are all coarse species without petals. In the spring of the following year, after the weather gets warmer, the cold shelter can be removed. After years of growth, as long as it is watered and fertilized in time, its adaptability is still relatively strong, and it can bloom every year, and the fragrance is far away, which is a good product for decorating the countryside. However, when planting orchids in the layout, besides considering the quietness of the layout. The habits of orchids should also be considered. For example, Chunlan prefers to be overcast, Cymbidium should be slightly sunny, and Qiu Lan, Hanlan and Primula should not be frozen. (2) potted orchids. That is to say, cultivating orchids in shade shed. It is best to use clay pots for potted orchids, that is, plain-burned earthen pots, which have good air permeability, can filter water and are cheap. It is an economical and practical orchid planting product. However, the earthen basin is rough and unsightly, so it is not suitable for exhibition. Porcelain pots or glaze pots are beautiful in appearance, but their air permeability and drainage are poor. If they are used for long-term planting orchids, the roots of orchids will be damaged easily, making it difficult for orchids to grow vigorously. Therefore, when potted orchids with porcelain pots or glazes, more drainage tiles must be placed at the bottom of the pots. Or clam shells; And watering should be controlled, not excessive. If you plant orchids in clay pots, you can put them in a larger porcelain pot or glaze pot when you participate in the exhibition. Yixing purple sand basin, with beautiful and generous appearance and certain air permeability, is suitable for planting orchids. The newly bought blue pots must be soaked in water for several days, especially the earthen pots that have just come out of the kiln must be allowed to absorb enough water to completely eliminate their fires.Dry qi. Generally, orchids are planted, and new pots are used for newly planted orchids, and old pots are used when changing pots. All potted orchids, it is best not to sit on the ground directly, because they are easily disturbed by pests and weeds. Especially in hot summer, the sun is hot and the ground temperature rises, which hurts bluegrass; Whenever there is a thunderstorm or rainy season, the damp heat rises even more, and it is easy to steam the orchid root; But also because of poor ventilation close to the ground. It is not conducive to aerial rooting growth. In order to reduce the above-mentioned influence, the orchid basin can be placed on the blue platform made of cement board, which is convenient for up-and-down convection, constantly supplying fresh air, breathing the orchid, enhancing metabolic function, accumulating nutrients and energy to make the orchid grow healthily, and avoiding ants and slugs from invading the orchid. If limited by the conditions, an empty clay basin can be inverted on the ground, and then the potted orchid can be placed on it. 3. Orchid room cultivation Orchid room is mainly used for overwintering ground orchids. Different species of orchids have different ecological habits, so the requirements for wintering time and room temperature are different. As long as the temperature of terrestrial orchids is not lower than 7℃-8℃. Most of them can be cultivated in the open air. After beginning of winter, it is customary in Jiangsu and Zhejiang to move Cymbidium cymosum, Cymbidium cymosum and Cymbidium annuum, which require a slightly higher temperature, into the room for culture, and move some Cymbidium cymosum and Cymbidium cymosum with buds under the eaves or in places sheltered from the cold, so as not to be attacked by the first frost and affect the development of buds. After the &”;light snow&”;, potted orchids and thin grass cultivated by pseudobulb, especially orchids with plain heart petals, were gradually moved indoors and placed on the orchid shelf near the window so as to be exposed to the sun. After the &”;heavy snow&”;, all potted orchids will be moved indoors for maintenance. Before orchids enter the orchid room, wash the surroundings of the orchid basin, which can not only prevent mud from being contaminated with insects and molds, but also look clean and elegant. Pay attention to reasonable discharge when placing the basin, which is not only convenient for sunlight transmission but also conducive to ventilation. When the ground orchid overwinters indoors, the key is to master the temperature and humidity. Generally, the room temperature should be kept above 7℃-8℃, and the bluegrass should be kept at 10℃-15℃ ideally. After Lanpen enters the room, if the weather is not cold and frozen, the south window should be opened around noon, and the north window should be opened to facilitate indoor air circulation. At night, if the indoor temperature is still above 5℃, the small transom between north and south can be slightly opened; If it is below 5℃, all windows should be closed. In the dead of winter, only at noon on a calm sunny day, open the window a little half-way, and breathe a little. When the sun is a little biased, close the doors and windows, and hang a straw curtain or cotton curtain in the evening. If the temperature continues to drop below 3℃-5℃, it can be heated by a coal stove with chimney pipes. After the spring, the climate gradually warms up, and all the doors and windows of the blue room can be opened at sunny noon, but attention should be paid to the change of temperature; In the afternoon, the temperature drops gradually, so it is advisable to half-open and half-close the south window; It&;s all closed before nightfall. During this period, it is best to keep the temperature of the orchid room at about 10℃ frequently. If the temperature is high, the early flowering varieties of Chunlan will bloom early and the flowers will wither early. In the early spring, it is even more necessary to prevent the cold in late spring, which will affect the growth of stamens and even frostbite orchid roots. After the &”;fright&”;, all Chunlan and Huilan without buds can go out of the house, move them on the open-air bench, and cover the scaffolding with reed curtains at night to prevent frost damage. All kinds of orchids with budsShould still stay in the orchid indoor maintenance, until &”;Qingming&”;, can move out of the outdoor culture; However, attention should still be paid to prevent night frost at night. In the indoor orchid cultivation period, especially in the cold season, special attention must be paid to the dryness and humidity of potted orchids. Pot soil should be dry. When watering is needed, it depends on the surface of the pot. For example, when the surface soil is in a loose state of powder, and the soil below is still slightly damp, it is not allowed to wait until the pot soil is completely dry before watering. When watering, first remove the potted orchid, put it on the ground, and water it along the sink at the mouth of the pot. Never immerse the water in the leaves. You can also put the orchid basin in a water tank for a few minutes, and the water is limited to the waist of the basin. When watering, if water is immersed in the leaf sheath, it should be used to wipe off the water mark in time, or let the sun dry before moving back indoors. Because orchids are cultivated indoors for a long time, many dusts are often attached to the leaves, which hinders metabolism. You can choose sunny and warm weather, move the basin to the outdoor sunshine at noon, spray and clean the leaves with a fine-hole watering can, and wash the dirt. After the water stains are dry, withdraw indoors. If the water stains are not dry, the wet parts of orchid leaves are easy to turn black and wither. Indoor orchid cultivation, during heating. The indoor temperature is often high, the leaves are dry, the soil surface in the basin is dry and loose, or the moss on the basin surface is gaunt. You should spray some water on the passage and wall in time to make it transpiration to adjust the temperature. In a word, it is better to keep orchids indoors, whether it is bluegrass in the basin or moss on the basin surface. If you are an orchid grower, due to limited conditions, you can use the outdoor place facing south and facing the sun along the wall, leaning against the wall on one side and building a single inclined box with bricks on the other three sides. The size of the area depends on the number of pots and pans. The inclined plane on the ground box is equipped with a wooden frame glass window or a plastic film window for opening and closing the toilet. Orchid leaves are long and tall, and should be placed in a high position against the wall. They should be placed on inverted empty flowerpots or on bricks, strips and cement boards stacked to a suitable height. The low blue pots are arranged line by line, and all the tips of the leaves or the tops of the ring leaves cannot touch the glass or plastic film on the window surface. In the cold season, whenever the temperature is too low or it is snowy, the inclined window must be covered with a straw curtain or other covering sufficient to prevent the cold from invading. When the weather is fine, especially after beginning of spring, when the sun shines, the cold-proof grass curtain can be removed; At noon, when the sun is strong and the temperature is slightly higher, you can lift the cover window and put it into a gap to adjust the fresh air. Close the window immediately after the sun is deflected. Pay great attention to daily life, and don&;t condense too many water droplets on the cover glass to prevent them from dripping into the leaves. The wet parts often turn black and rot, or even die.
Third, the planting of orchids 1. The timing of planting, whether it is turned over or newly planted, has a great influence on the survival, growth and development of orchids. So it is very important. Generally, the appropriate time is the body dormancy period of orchids, that is, from March to April, before the new buds are unearthed. On the season, it is between the vernal equinox and Qingming. If the operation is very inconvenient after the new bud is unearthed, it will break and hurt the new bud if you are not careful. When the dormancy period of orchids is coming to an end and new buds and roots are about to grow but not yet, it is best to plant them at this time, and soon after planting, they can take root and sprout and resume normal growth. If it is planted too early, it is not easy to &”;return to the sun&”; after planting, and it is often made in case of low temperature, cold wave, late frost and spring thunder.Into frostbite. The blue room in the Yangtze River basin rarely heats up in winter. It is very cold in winter, so it is not recommended to divide plants in cold winter. In order to facilitate the operation of plant division, the soil can be properly dried before plant division. Make the roots white, produce inconspicuous withering, make the fleshy roots that were brittle and easy to break soft, and do not break the roots too much when dividing plants and planting pots. Large-scale orchids have a large workload and take a long time before and after planting. Precious varieties should be planted at the best time. General varieties can be postponed or advanced as appropriate. 2. Orchids used for propagation with orchid seedlings should choose orchid seedlings with good growth and no pests and diseases. After 2-3 years of planting, orchids need to be changed in soil or pots. At this time, they should be propagated in combination with ramets. When changing pots, hold the bottom of the pot with the palm of your left hand, stretch your fingers with your right hand and carefully stick them into the leaves of the orchid seedlings to block the soil, then put the orchid pot down, with the inclined side of the pot facing the human face and the lower edge of the pot mouth touching the ground. At this time, both hands lift the pot slightly upward at the same time, so that the lower edge of the pot gently knocks against the ground, making the pot soil loose, rotating the pot body, changing the contact point where the lower edge of the pot mouth knocks against the ground, and making the pot soil gradually loosen evenly and get rid of the flowerpot. Hold the orchid with your right hand, and remove the flowerpot with your left hand. If the orchid plant is too high, it is advisable to knock against the lower edge of the basin door at the edge of the wooden chair or cement table, so that the orchid leaves can be hung in the air without being injured and broken. After the orchid pot soil is separated from the pot, put the orchid seedlings and pot soil flat, so that the soil lump will not suddenly loosen and crack, causing the orchid root system to break. Then carefully pat the soil lump loosely, and gradually shake off the old basin soil. Grasp pseudobulb carefully, so as not to hurt leaves and buds, especially to protect root tips. Cut off the withered leaves, bracts on the pseudobulb and rotten old roots. However, leaves on pseudobulb with new shoots should be preserved as much as possible to promote the good growth of new shoots. For the larger clump plants that have been cleaned after selection. Find out the natural gap between the two pseudobulb, which is wide apart and easy to loosen when shaking by hand. Cut off the two pseudobulb, which was called &”;opening the road&”; by predecessors, and then control the bases of the two clusters with both hands, and gently shake and slowly pull them along the road to divide them into two clusters. Prune the separated orchids properly, and then soak them in Tobezin solution diluted with 800 times water for 10-15 minutes. Only roots should be soaked, not leaves. It can also be disinfected by potassium permanganate solution with 1000 times of water. Pay attention to disinfect only the wound part, and then air the orchid in a cool and ventilated place. When the orchid root is soft and easy to bend, it can be planted. Generally, when the weather is fine, it can be dried for half a day, but of course it can&;t be dried too dry. 3. Orchid clumps with separate planting procedures should not be dismantled too sporadically. Each clump should have at least 3-5 seedlings, and it is best to keep annual, biennial and triennial plants in the same clump. (1) cushion basin. Cover the drain hole with a tile at the bottom of the basin, and then gradually fill it with bricks, tiles or shells, in which large gaps are filled with mud particles or pisolite, which is generally about 1/2-1/3 of the height in the basin. The clear height of the upper part is about 10-15 cm, which is reserved as a culture soil layer. Its specific height should depend on the species of orchids, the length of orchid roots and the height of pots. Don&;t fill the bedding too tightly, but leave some holes. Practice has proved that some new roots can grow well in the pores of bedding layer. (2) planting. On the bedding layer, fill in 2 first.-3 cm of culture soil, slightly compacted by hand, you can put orchids upright on it. According to the size of plants and flowerpots, several plants, 2 clumps, 3 clumps or more can be planted in one pot. 3 clumps should be planted into a tripod. Four clumps can be planted in a square shape, and five clumps should be arranged in a plum blossom shape. The roots of langen should stretch naturally and the leaves should be brushed in all directions. Slowly put the orchid root into the basin, so that the orchid root can stretch naturally and try not to rub against the inner wall of the basin. After the orchid plant enters the pot, the posture of the orchid plant is gradually fixed. -Potted plants in one cluster should make old pseudobulb lean to one side, so that there is room for new shoots to develop. A potted plant has several clusters, and each cluster of old pseudobulb should be relatively concentrated in the middle of the pot, so that there is enough space for new roots and new buds to develop outward. (3) Fill the soil. When planting, hold the leaves with one hand and add nutrient soil with the other, hold the base of the orchid plant and lift it up slightly to stretch the root system and shake the orchid basin at the same time. Let the culture soil go deep into the rhizosphere; Continue to add soil, and shake the orchid basin to adjust the position and height of the orchid plant. Press along the edge of the basin with your hands, but don&;t hurt your roots by being too heavy. Continue to add soil and squeeze it until the soil on the basin surface is 2-3 cm higher than the mouth of the basin, slightly in the shape of steamed bread. The culture soil should cover all the roots of cymbidium to the base of pseudobulb, and the depth of the fill. Traditionally, it is considered that cymbidium should be shallow and cymbidium should be deep, but the leaf base on pseudobulb should not be buried. When new orchids grow in Shan Ye, there are obvious signs on the plants, which can be taken as the standard. The size of the flowerpot should also be commensurate with the size and number of plants, neither big pots but small plants, nor small pots and large plants. In general, the number of plants is based on the principle that it is expected that the pots will just grow full in 2-3 years. The size of the plant is commensurate with the height of the basin. It is not only beneficial to growth, but also meets the requirements of viewing. (4) Pavement. After planting, you can spread a layer of pebbles or moss on the surface of the pot soil, preferably high-quality moss under the forest, which is not only beautiful, but also can adjust the moisture, and can also protect the leaves from being polluted by muddy water, and the new buds will not be infected with germs in the soil and rot their hearts; In addition, it can also slow down the erosion of the basin soil by rain and keep the basin soil loose. (5) water. After the planting is completed, water should be poured for the first time, and the basin soil must be soaked, and the water drops should be small and the impulse should be avoided. If placed in a basin, it must not be soaked for too long. Once the soil in the basin is soaked, move the basin out immediately, and then place it in the shade for maintenance.
Fourth, the maintenance management after planting It is very important to master the orchid planting skills, but it is more difficult to manage and maintain orchids, so there is a saying of &”;three-point planting and seven-point cultivation&”;. Orchid conservation needs to understand the environment, accumulate conservation experience, and be patient and careful. The most important thing is to master the growth and development law of orchids, when to bud, when to grow leaves, when to bloom and when to sleep. Then, the orchids will be maintained and managed from the aspects of temperature, humidity, watering, fertilization, ventilation, plant protection, cherish leaves and protect flowers. 1. Cherish the leaves of Eupatorium adenophorum, which are soft but not weak, rigid but not stiff. Orchids are lovely, but good flowers are rare, and there is nothing to do with them; Orchid leaves are evergreen all the year round, keeping their vitality forever, giving people constant enjoyment all the year round. The elegance of the orchid is manifested in flowers and attached to leaves. And Ye Mao is the premise of good flowers, and Ye Jianmao&;s own manufacturing is rich in nutrition, so flowers are more beautiful. If the leaves are broken, there will be many flowers., but a sign of a sharp decline. The key to cherish leaves is to control the shade, air humidity, proper water and fertilizer and keep good ventilation. Make the orchid leaves lush and sound, green and bright. It is also necessary to strengthen pest control to prevent wind and rain attacks and mechanical damage. In addition, to preserve the tip of the leaf, the tip of the orchid leaf is like the tip of a sword, the tip of a pen and the tip of a brow, which can convey the meaning vividly. Losing the tip of the blade is abrupt and dull. The key to preserving the leaf tip is to ensure that the orchid needs enough water and nutrients, and the pot soil is loose and breathable, so the root system is developed and intact, the plant grows vigorously, and there is no scorching tip phenomenon. Some people think that the symbol of good orchid cultivation is that the tip of the foot can pass through the eye of a needle, which means that the tip of the foot is intact and the edge is intact. The tip shapes of different orchids are different, some are gradually pointed, some are dull and round, some are concave and some are upturned; On leaf color, some orchid varieties are &”;golden tip&”; and &”;silver tip&”; (that is, the tip of the leaf is yellow or white), which shows its preciousness and rarity, which is another layer of interest in leaf appreciation. Care should be taken to protect the orchid leaves during maintenance, and the operation should be light and careful, so as not to collide with the orchid leaves and keep its natural posture. The polluted leaves should be carefully cleaned, and the water spray should not be accumulated in the center of the leaf bundle. For withered and yellow old leaves and diseased leaves, they should be cut off in time. The local cutting of orchid leaves can be done by cutting a knife at an appropriate position, and the cutting angle should be less than 30. There are also pairs with two knives, but they can&;t be cut flat. 2. After the flower buds are unearthed, if there are too many, the maternal nutrients will be consumed excessively, which will hinder the formation and vigorous growth of leaf buds. The redundant thin flower buds should be removed as soon as possible, and one flower bud Z can be left for each orchid seedling. It is advisable to keep 3-5 flower buds in each pot. According to the variety of orchids, the size of pots and the number of seedlings, the flower buds should be properly reserved. In order to protect and develop valuable varieties, all flower buds can be broken off and let them flourish and multiply. During the period from the flower bud elongation to the flowering period, we should maintain moderate illumination to make the flowers bright and full, full of luster and full of fragrance. If the light is too weak, the color of the flower is weak and lacks luster. Flowers bloom for too long and consume nutrients, which prevents buds from growing leaves and flowering the next year. The flowers of Chunlan bloom for about half a month, and the scape should be cut off in time after the failure. Whelan&;s flowers will be cut off when the last flower in the inflorescence opens for L weeks. When breaking the flower scape, hold the leaf base with one hand and press the flower scape to one side with the other hand, which can be broken from the base or cut off. The flowers and plants can be put into bottles and can be played for many days. Generally, orchids are not allowed to pollinate and bear fruit after flowering, especially those that are not very robust and valuable, otherwise it will affect the next year&;s flowering. If cross breeding is to be carried out, artificial pollination should be carried out in time. And the female parent is carefully managed to make its seeds full and mature. 3. Temperature Most parts of China are in temperate and subtropical zones, while orchids are generally produced in places with mild and humid climate, with high annual average temperature and long frost-free period. There are few orchids planted in the northeast and northwest of China, mainly due to temperature constraints. Cymbidium and Whelan are the northernmost plants in China. They are distributed online, with frost or short-term snow in winter, and the temperature is higher in summer. However, because orchids are mostly grown in forests mixed with broad-leaved forests and coniferous forests or in bamboo forests, trees are not only coveredBlocked the scorching sun in summer and the cold wind in winter; Even the land covered with snow has little influence on orchids, because snow actually plays a role in protecting orchids from wintering, and the ground temperature under snow is generally not lower than 0℃. Our species domestication of cymbidium and cymbidium has moved them from their place of origin to the north by 600-1000 kilometers, and it has been planted on a large scale. It can be seen that the viability and adaptability of orchids are still relatively strong. In the northeast, northwest and most parts of North China, it is too cold in winter to cultivate orchids outdoors. From the middle and late October to the late April of the following year, the materials will be used for half a year. Orchids need to be moved indoors or cultivated in greenhouses. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, orchids should also be cultivated indoors or heated in greenhouses in winter. In Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Sichuan, and other provinces and regions. Cold orchids and cymbidium in winter-generally do not need to spend the winter indoors. Some areas in Jiangxi, Hunan and Sichuan still need to take some measures to protect orchids in winter. Requirements for temperature of orchids: The temperature for germination of orchid seeds is 21℃-25℃ during the day and 15℃-18℃ at night. The temperature required for the growth of ground orchids is 20℃-22℃ during the day and 13℃-0℃ at night. During the dormancy period of orchids in winter, the temperature can be reduced. For example, the minimum temperature of Chunlan and Whelan in winter night is 4℃-6℃, and it can be reduced to 0℃, and the leaves of plants can be reduced to-2℃-3℃ under dry conditions. Orchid flowers are developed from flower buds, and the differentiation of flower buds is closely related to temperature and light. The predecessors have done a lot of research on flower bud differentiation of orchids, and the conclusion is that the low temperature of 12℃-13℃ is enough to differentiate flower buds, which has little to do with the length of sunshine. But the more light the orchid shines, the more obvious the effect of low temperature on flower bud formation. Therefore, it is better to cultivate orchids outdoors from late spring to autumn than to grow indoors. There are three main purposes to adjust the temperature, namely: preventing cold in winter, preventing summer heat and changing flowering period. When the temperature is lower than 0℃ in winter, the leaves and buds of orchids are vulnerable to freezing injury, and the leaves appear waterlogged black spots and the buds wilt. If the temperature drops suddenly and sharply or the frost is extremely severe, the damage is even greater. However, it is not good if the temperature is too high in winter, because orchids are dormant in winter, and too high temperature will interfere with dormancy. In summer, if the temperature is too high and orchids suffer from summer heat, the leaves are yellow, rough and dull, and vulnerable to diseases, and often the base of the leaves begins to rot. The flowering period of orchids is obviously affected by temperature. Under normal conditions, the flowering can be advanced by raising the temperature appropriately. For example, the flowering period of orchids in plain and urban culture conditions is often 15-30 days earlier than that in the original wild conditions. Using this biological characteristic, the temperature can be properly adjusted to advance the flowering period by half a month to one month. In particular, the species that bloom in spring generally formed flower buds from July to September of last year. When they pass the hibernation stage and raise the temperature appropriately, they can blossom ahead of time to catch up with the Spring Festival. However, it must be pointed out that the temperature increase must be gradual. The experiment shows that the rapid temperature rise will have an inhibitory effect and delay the flowering period. Method of adjusting temperature: temperature affects orchid growth.Development has a great influence. If the temperature is too high, the respiration will be d and the consumption of nutrients will increase. If it is too low, the enzyme activity will decrease, the synthesis will be less, and the growth and development will be slow. It is important that the daily temperature difference and the seasonal temperature difference must be formed so as to germinate and blossom. On the temperature regulation of domestication and cultivation, we adopt the principle of being similar to the original orchid producing area. In summer, double shading nets are used to shade the orchid garden, which has obvious cooling effect. When the temperature reaches 35℃, the temperature in the orchid garden is only 31℃-32℃. Plastic greenhouse is used to keep warm in winter. When the temperature is as low as 0℃, it can still be kept at 6℃-8℃ in the plastic greenhouse, and the temperature difference in winter is smaller than that in the open field, which is beneficial to nutrient storage and does not cause freezing damage. Adjust the temperature in addition to building a soil orchid shed and outdoor, you can also plant trees, shrubs, vines and lawns around the orchid garden, which can absorb part of the solar radiation heat in summer and slow down the heat loss on the ground and in the air in winter. That is, taking the lawn as an example, it is determined that the ambient temperature of the lawn in winter is higher than that of the mud floor, and the maximum difference during the day can reach 4. 4℃, which helps to avoid freezing injury; In summer, the ambient temperature of grassland is much lower than that of cement ground, which is beneficial to heatstroke prevention and cooling. In summer, it is advisable to spray or spray clear water in the air, the ground, the flower platform and the orchid leaves. Because water absorbs a part of heat during evaporation, it can play a role in cooling and heatstroke prevention; Similarly, expanding the water surface nearby, such as pools, reservoirs, ditches, water tanks and so on, also has this effect. In the greenhouse, curtains need to be hung on the glass to keep out light and heat. When it is hot, we should pay more attention to ventilation and strengthen air convection heat dissipation, and partially lift the cover on the shed; The blue room opens the doors and windows to avoid heat stagnation. The adjustment of temperature, in addition to air temperature, should also pay attention to the soil temperature. Orchid root grows in soil, and the temperature of pot soil has a direct influence on its physiological function. Generally speaking, soil temperature is positively correlated with air temperature, and the temperature of basin soil increases with the high air temperature, but the change process is relatively slow. First of all, it is necessary to prevent the hot sun from shining directly on the flowerpot, scalding the soil and the flowerpot, and burning the orchid root stuck near the wall of the flowerpot; Also note that the water temperature is close to the soil temperature when watering, and it should not be too wide. There is also a question worth discussing, that is, the relationship between artificial protection and the adaptability of orchids themselves. Like all plants, orchids have their adaptability to the external environment. Not born delicate. Therefore, orchid artists should take appropriate measures to prevent heatstroke and cold for orchids. If the cover is too dense and the time is too long, it will inevitably weaken its resilience. In our Orchid Garden, Hanlan and Jianlan, which were introduced and domesticated from 600-1000 kilometers away from the south, were not only protected, but also gradually strengthened their resistance to adversity and gradually adapted to the new environment.