1, China&;s geographical location and its characteristics:
● Latitude position and superiority: China&;s territory spans a wide latitude from north to south, most of which are located in the mid-latitude area, belonging to the (northern temperate) zone, and a small part are in the (tropical) zone, but not in the (cold zone). The climate difference is great, which provides favorable conditions for the development of (various agricultural economies).
● Location and advantages of land and sea: (1) Located in the east of Asia and the west of Taiping Ocean, the vast area in the east of China (under the influence of humid air flow in summer monsoon, precipitation) is rich, which is beneficial to (agricultural) production; (2) having both land and sea, the eastern region is beneficial to friendly exchanges with overseas countries; The western region (deep into the Eurasian continent) enables China&;s land transportation to directly communicate with countries (Central Asia, West Asia and Europe), which is convenient for foreign countries (communication and cooperation). (3) There are many excellent harbors along the coast, which are convenient for development (marine undertakings).
● China&;s territorial area is (9.6 million) square kilometers, ranking third in the world, second only to (Russia) and (Canada). There are 14 land neighbors. In counterclockwise order, they are North Korea, (Russia), (Mongolia), Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, (India), Nepal, Bhutan, () and (Laos).
2. The population of our country
● Population: 1295 million in 2000.
The outstanding characteristics of China&;s population: large population base and rapid population growth.
● Characteristics of China&;s population distribution: the population distribution (uneven) is bounded by the Heihe River in Heilongjiang Province and Tengchong in Yunnan Province. The population density in the (eastern) region is high, while the population density in the (western) region is low. (The western region of China is sparsely populated, but rich in resources. What problems should be paid attention to when developing the western region? The western region has the advantages of resources, but the natural environment is relatively fragile. Under the condition that the contradiction between people, land, water and soil is quite acute at present, the development of the western region must be based on environmental protection, and it is not possible to develop it first and then treat it.)
● Population policy: family planning.
● Content: Control the population and improve the quality of the population.
3. Ethnic groups in China
There are (56) ethnic groups in China, of which (Han) is the most populous and (Zhuang) is the most populous among ethnic minorities.
Distribution characteristics of Han nationality: Han nationality is distributed all over the country, with the most concentrated in (central) and (eastern).
● Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: mainly concentrated in (Northeast), (Northwest) and (Southwest). The (Zhuang) ethnic group has the largest minority population. Distribution characteristics of ethnic minorities: (large mixed population, small settlement).
● Ethnic customs:
Nadam Congress of the (Mongolian) Ethnic Group
Water-splashing Festival of Dai nationality, peacock dance,
Group dance of the (Tibetan) ethnic group, Tibetan calendar year,
(Korean) ethnic groupLong encouragement, etc.
4. China&;s topography
● Features of China&;s topography: (The topography is complex and diverse, and the mountainous area is vast)
● What problems should be paid attention to in the development and protection of mountainous areas:
(1) The mountainous area is rugged and inconvenient, and it is difficult to build (infrastructure).
(2) When developing and utilizing mountainous areas, special attention should be paid to (ecological environment construction) to prevent and avoid mountain disasters (such as collapse, landslide and debris flow).
Features of China&;s topography: (China&;s topography is high in the west and low in the east, with a stepped distribution).
The dividing line of stairs, altitude, main terrain types and main terrain areas
The first step, the first step and the second step, Kunlun Mountains-Qilian Mountains-Hengduan Mountains; The second and third steps are Daxinganling-Taihang Mountains-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Qaidam Basin are more than 4000 meters high.
The second step is 1000-2000m plateau, Inner Mongolia Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Loess Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin and Junggar Basin.
The hills, mountains, plains and basins below the third step 500 meters are alternately distributed in the southeast hills, northeast plains, North China plains and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
● The influence of the ladder-like distribution of China&;s topography on China&;s climate, rivers and traffic;
(1) Impact on climate: China&;s topography is high in the west and low in the east, which is favorable for the moist air flow at sea to push inland and bring abundant precipitation to vast areas of China.
(2) Impact on rivers: The topography of high in the west and low in the east will inevitably cause the rivers in China to flow into the sea from west to east; When the river flows from the higher step to the lower step, the drop is large and huge water energy is generated.
(3) Impact on traffic: The big river flowing eastward connects the traffic between east and west in China, which facilitates the connection between coastal areas and inland areas; The high mountain range at the junction of stairs has become a huge obstacle to east-west traffic in China.
Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range
West side east side
① Northeast Plain of Inner Mongolia Plateau in Daxinganling
② Taihang Mountain Loess Plateau North China Plain
③ Wushan Sichuan Basin Yangtze River Plain
④ Hengduan Mountains, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Sichuan Basin or Yungui Plateau.
Topographic areas on both sides of the mountain range
North and south
⑤ Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in Tarim Basin of Kunlun Mountains
⑥ Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Tianshan Mountains
● Mountains form the terrain skeleton.
● Four plateaus
(Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) The plateau with the highest altitude and the largest area in China.
(Inner Mongolia Plateau) The ground is open and endless.
(Loess Plateau) Loess is widely distributed, and there are thousands of valleys and valleys on the surface.
The surface of Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau is rugged and the karst landform is remarkable.
● Four great basin
The basin with the largest area is the Tarim Basin.
The basin with the highest altitude is (Qaidam) basin.
The basin with the highest latitude is the Junggar basin.
The basin with the best conditions for developing agricultural production is the (Sichuan) basin.
● Main mountain rang:
Changbai Mountain Range-Wuyishan Range
mountain range
South-north direction : H:.
Arc Mountain Rang:.
5. China&;s climate
According to the active accumulated temperature, China can be divided into five temperature zones from north to south.
Cold temperate zone, middle temperate zone, warm temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone; In addition, there is a plateau climate zone with high terrain.
(1) tropical and subtropical warm temperate zone, middle temperate zone and cold temperate plateau climate zone.
（2）0
(3) Warm temperate zone
(4) Qiongtai, Guangdong, Guiyun or Yunnan
(5) 13
(6)② Subtropical ③ Warm temperate zone
According to the relationship between precipitation and evaporation, China can be divided into
It is divided into four dry and wet areas (wet), (semi-wet), (semi-arid) and (arid).
Dry and wet areas, humid areas, semi-humid areas, semi-arid areas and arid areas.
Vegetation forest grassland, grassland and desert.
Agricultural type planting (paddy field agriculture) planting (dry land agriculture) animal husbandry
● The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area: (Daxinganling), (Yinshan), (Helan), (bayan har, (Gangdise).
● Name the reasons for the differences in the following geographical phenomena:
The special land of fish and rice in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in China benefits from the monsoon climate.
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are at roughly the same latitude, but the reason for the great difference in climate is the terrain (high altitude of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau).
The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are at roughly the same latitude as the Arabian Peninsula, and the great difference in climate is due to the influence of (land and sea location) and (summer monsoon). The latitude of Beijing and Urumqi is roughly the same, but the precipitation is quite different. (land and sea location, summer monsoon)
Growing different fruit trees in different temperature zones; Different temperature zones have different internal cooking systems; The architectural structure of traditional houses in north and south is also different. The reason is (latitude factor)
East and west vegetation are different; The types of agriculture in the east and the west are different, with farming in the east and animal husbandry in the west; The roof structure of the east and west houses is different, with many -roofed houses in the southeast and many flat-roofed houses in the northwest (different precipitation)
China is extremely rich in crops and various animal and plant resources.
② Forming different natural resources and tourism resources (the climate is complex and diverse)
People&;s eating habits are also different, such as: Sichuan, Hunan and other places are cold and humid in winter and love to eat Chili; Southerners like rice, while northerners like pasta.
People&;s clothes are also colorful because they adapt to the climate (the climate is complex and diverse)
For example, Tibetan robes in Tibet are designed to adapt to the climate characteristics of Tibet with a large daily difference (topography); ⑤ The architectural features vary from place to place, and the roof slope in the north is small.The wall is thick, and the roof slope in the south is large (temperature, precipitation); 6. Right …
（1）①7； ②7、8； ③4、5、6、7、8； ④4、5、6、7、8、9
(2) More summer and autumn, less winter and spring
(3) Guangzhou and Harbin; The rain belt in China is advancing from south to north.
(4) Because the rainy season in southern China starts early, ends late and has a long rainy season; The rainy season in northern China starts late, ends early and is short.
● Disastrous weather (cold wave), (typhoon) and (flood and drought disaster) caused by monsoon climate.
● Main features of China&;s climate
(1) Read the climate characteristics of our country from the picture: climate characteristics (complex and diverse climate) and (monsoon) climate are remarkable.
(2) Sanming has a subtropical monsoon climate.
7. Rivers in China
Write the name of the river represented by the number in the picture.
① Heilongjiang
② Songhua River
③ Yalu River
④ Yellow River
5 Yangtze River
⑥ Pearl River
All landowners Yarlung Zangbo River
8 Tarim River
Pet-name ruby Irtysh, R.
● List and compare the Yangtze River and Yellow River.
Project Yangtze River and Yellow River
Mount Tanggula, the birthplace of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and bayan har, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Yuantou Tuotuo River Yuegu Zonglie Canal
It flows through the provinces of Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong.
It flows through the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Loess Plateau and North China Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
The main tributaries are Jialing River, Hanjiang River, Ganjiang River, Taohe River, Huangshui River and Weihe River.
The basin is located between Qinling and Nanling, and between Yinshan and Qinling.
Developing hydropower (upstream) and shipping hydropower (upstream)
Harnessing and constructing the shelter forest in the middle and upper reaches (omitted, see the table below)
● Causes of disasters in various sections of the Yellow River, and the basic scheme of control.
Upstream, midstream and downstream in the river section.
The main disasters are grassland degradation, desertification and serious soil erosion.
The reason for the disaster is that the climate tends to be dry. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flow through the Loess Plateau, and there are many tributaries. The soil layer in the Loess Plateau is loose, and the vegetation is seriously damaged. In case of heavy rain, a large amount of sediment flows into the Yellow River together with the rain. When the Yellow River enters the downstream plain, the river channel becomes wider and the slope becomes slower. The river speed slows down, and the sediment it carries is deposited, which makes the riverbed gradually rise.
Manage planting trees and grass, carry out comprehensive management of soil and water conservation, and strengthen the Yellow River levee.
8. Characteristics of China&;s natural resources: (rich in total resources), (but insufficient per capita.)
●
Types of land resources Main topographic types in dry and wet areas in monsoon region or non-monsoon region
Plains, low hills and basins in the eastern part of humid and semi-humid areas of cultivated land monsoon region
Mountain area in forest humid area
Grassland non-monsoon region semi-arid plateau
Basins and plateaus in the western semi-arid areas with unused land.
The basic national policy of China&;s land is to &”;cherish and rationally use every inch of land and effectively protect cultivated land.&”;
● China&;s water resourcesTemporal and spatial distribution characteristics of sources and their influence on social and economic development
● At present, the freshwater resources used by human beings are mainly rivers and lakes and shallow groundwater.
● Characteristics of time and space distribution of water resources in China: time: more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring; Space: Nanfeng is lacking in the north.
● Solutions to the uneven distribution of water resources in time and space: The construction of reservoirs can effectively control the seasonal variation of runoff and water quantity, such as the Three Gorges and Xiaolangdi water control projects.
● One of the effective ways to solve the uneven distribution of water resources in different regions: inter-basin water transfer, such as the South-to-North Water Transfer Project, the Luanhe River Diversion Project and the Yellow River Diversion Project.
● One of the main ways to solve the problem of water shortage in China: saving water and protecting water resources.
9. Traffic in China
● The general distribution pattern of China&;s transportation network: dense in the east and sparse in the west.
● Main railway lines in China
① Lanxin Line ② Qinghai-Tibet Line (not completed) ③ Baolan Line ④ Beijing-Kowloon Line.
⑤ Baocheng Line ⑤ Chengkun Line
East-west direction: Beijing-Baotou-Baolan line (Baotou-Lanzhou);
Longhai (Lianyungang-Lanzhou)-Lanxin Line (Lanzhou-Urumqi);
Shanghai-Hangzhou-Zhejiang-Jiangxi (Hangzhou-Zhuzhou)-Xiangqian (Zhuzhou-Guiyang)-Guikun (Guiyang-Kunming) Line
North-South direction: Jingha Line (Beijing-Harbin); Beijing-Shanghai line (Beijing-Shanghai);
Beijing-Guangzhou line (Beijing-Guangzhou); Beijing-Kowloon Line (Beijing-Kowloon)
Jiaoliu Line (Jiaozuo-Liuzhou);
Baocheng Line (Baoji-Ch—— Chengkun Line (Chengdu-Kunming)
Major transportation hubs and railway trunk lines in China;
Beijing: (Jingha Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line), (Beijing-Kowloon Line).
Xuzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Shanghai Line).
Zhengzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Guangzhou Line).
Lanzhou: (Longhai Line), (Beijing-Baotou Line) (Baolan Line).
● Reasonable selection of transportation according to needs (omitted)
9. Agriculture in China
● Regional distribution of agriculture:
Differences between East and West:
Western 400 mm isoprecipitation line east.
Planting, animal husbandry, forestry and fishery
Plains, valleys and oases with irrigation water sources: semi-humid and humid plains in the east of Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Qinghai and Tibet, natural forest areas in the northeast and southwest, artificial forest areas in the southeast, the eastern coast and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
Difference of planting industry between north and south;
Crops of cultivated land types in the region are cooked (several times a year) and the main crops are cooked.
Food crops, oil crops, sugar crops
Wheat, peanut and beet with one crop per year, three crops per year and two crops per year in the dryland north of Qinling-Huaihe River.
South of Qinling-Huaihe River, rice, rape and sugarcane are harvested twice a year and thrice a year in paddy fields.
● Three major cotton areas:
● Illustrate the necessity of developing agriculture according to local conditions with examples: (P102 Figure 4.16 Filling Atlas P32 V)
Using the advantages of local (natural conditions), the agricultural production departments or crops to be developed are arranged in the most favorable areas suitable for their own development and growth.One of the important contents of &”;adapting to local conditions&”;.
Agricultural production is also restricted by local (socio-economic conditions), which is also a factor that needs to be fully considered in developing agriculture.
10. Industry in China
● Characteristics of industrial distribution: (along the coast), (along the river) and (along the traffic line)
● Spatial distribution of industry:
(1) Beijing-Guangzhou, Beijing-Harbin, Beijing-Shanghai and other national industrial bases along the railway.
(2) Industrial belt in the Yellow River Basin.
(3) The economically developed areas along the Yangtze River centered on (Shanghai), (Nanjing), (Wuhan) and (Chongqing).
(4) The most industrially developed economic core areas in coastal areas (Yangtze River Delta), (South-Central Liaoning), (Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan) and (Pearl River Delta).
● Developing high-tech industries;
(1) Features: The proportion of employed scientific and technical personnel is significant; The cost of development and research is large; Products are updated quickly.
(2) Distribution characteristics: Most of them are attached to big cities, with the characteristics of large dispersion and small concentration.
(3) development focus: coastal areas focus on high-tech industries (science and technology park type); Border areas focus on (trade-oriented) industries; Inland areas focus on industries closely related to (national defense and military).
● High-tech industrial development zones are attached to big cities, and their distribution features are (large dispersion), (small concentration).
● Give examples to illustrate the influence of high-tech industries on production and life;
Shanghai: The industrial structure of the industry has been optimized and adjusted. (Changes in Shanghai&;s industry)
Beijing: Rapid growth has promoted and promoted economic development. (Zhongguancun&;s contribution to Beijing&;s economic development)
Internet: Internet technology has changed people&;s life and production. (Online shopping, SOHO clan, online community, etc.)