(1) spatial (vertical and horizontal) abiotic substances and energy, decomposers (2) purification of water biodiversity, resistance and stability of species diversity (3) aerobic bacteria decompose organic matter to produce CO2 (and inorganic salts), which is beneficial to the growth of black algae; Black algae use CO2 (and inorganic salts) for photosynthesis, and produce O2 to promote aerobic bacteria to decompose organic matter in sewage.